The mythologies of most, if not all, cultures include early on in the corpus, a story explaining why mankind has to suffer so many trials and tribulations on Earth. From Adam and Eve to Prometheus there appears a to be a conviction that had we been a bit more fortunate or faithful we would be living in blissful divinity alongside our maker(s).
The contrast between Adam and Eve and the Prometheus story is interesting. In the Garden of Eden Adam and Eve walked naked and innocent, able to live easily off the bountiful flora and fauna; but there is something distinctly primeval about this way of life when compared to what can be described as civilisation; evolving from the setting up of farmsteads, the introduction of trade and commerce and, the wearing of clothes. Throughout the Bible their is an insistence upon the superiority of this nomadic, primitive, simple life-style; a yearning for the nostalgic.
Hesiod in the Theogony however seeks to show the positives of mans fall from grace. While Zeus punishes man with all the evils of the world through the instrument of Pandora, Prometheus provides the gift of fire; at his own cost. This gift is fundamental in the building of civilisation.
There could be a similarity here between Prometheus and he serpent in Eden who provides the gift of knowledge, forbidden by God, and is consequently punished for it, (Indeed Prometheus' name means 'foreknowledge', a characteristic attributed to God and Zeus but given in some reduced form to their respective mortal worshippers). Both of these stories have a 'Father' god who is apparently duped by the 'Trickster'. The author and readers must subsequently find apologies for the 'Father's' lack of omniscience. Archaic mythologies are frequently populated with these 'Trickster' Gods. Native American culture contains the 'Coyote Spirit' who functions as a trickster but also as a culture hero who created man out of mud; an action also attributed to Prometheus. Norse mythology meanwhile has Loki, who in several stories is bound by chains as punishment for his cunning tricks and disruptive behaviour; another similarity to Prometheus. These (and other) deities are often associated with the devil or an evil antithesis to kindlier gods. It is an interesting anomaly that Prometheus (and Coyote) is seen more as a benefactor to mankind for the gifts he bestowed; despite his challenge to the ruling god's authority. Perhaps the serpent in Eden deserves a re-evaluation as someone who brought humanity out of animalistic primitivism and onto the path to civilisation.
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